A closer look

The dazzling, billion-dollar stadiums of the 2022 World Cup were built on a foundation of legalized extortion. Under the Middle Eastern Kafala system, migrant workers from South Asia effectively surrendered their legal status to their employers. Unable to change jobs or leave the country without their boss's explicit permission, these laborers suffered systemic wage theft, creating a deeply captive labor market that artificially subsidized the cost of mega-projects.