Cairo Geniza texts reveal strict Fatimid passport rules
Think medieval borders were just open fields? Think again. The Cairo Geniza—a massive hoard of discarded Jewish manuscripts—revealed that the Fatimid Caliphate was obsessed with paperwork. Merchants moving spices and flax across the Mediterranean required highly specific, wax-sealed safe-conduct passes, proving that infuriating customs bureaucracy is a truly ancient tradition.

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