Mantle convection moves tectonic plates by circulating hot, semisolid rock
Deep underground, the planet is running a painfully slow, high-pressure lava lamp. Mantle convection cells involve superheated semi-solid rock rising toward the crust, cooling off, and immediately plunging back toward the core. This vertical transport of extreme thermal energy is the primary engine moving the tectonic plates, constantly recycling the Earth's rigid exterior.

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