The sausage casing that became an artificial kidney
The first functioning artificial kidney wasn't built from state-of-the-art medical polymers; it was made out of sausage casings. During WWII, Dr. Willem Kolff scrounged together cellophane sausage skins, a cooling system from a local auto shop, and orange juice cans to filter toxic blood. It was a beautiful, hyper-cynical MacGyver moment that ended up saving millions of lives.

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