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China once taxed people in cowry shells
Economy

China once taxed people in cowry shells

You’d think an empire capable of building the Great Wall would demand cold, hard silver, but the Qing dynasty was inexplicably forced to accept snail shells.…

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Tugan-Baranovsky blamed crashes on factory tools
Economy

Tugan-Baranovsky blamed crashes on factory tools

While everyone else was blaming economic depressions on poor people not buying enough stuff, Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky pointed the finger at capitalists…

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How Roman soldiers won the right to keep their loot
Economy

How Roman soldiers won the right to keep their loot

In ancient Rome, a harsh legal concept meant your father literally owned everything you had until he died. This was terribly unmotivating for soldiers…

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The hidden trick that made tax withholding work
Economy

The hidden trick that made tax withholding work

Before WWII, Americans paid their income taxes in a massive, painful lump sum every March. Recognizing that wartime tax hikes would cause mass defaults,…

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Why central banks agreed to limit gold sales
Economy

Why central banks agreed to limit gold sales

By 1999, European central banks realized gold was essentially a shiny pet rock that paid zero interest, so they all started quietly dumping it. When the…

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During Bengal’s famine, taxes went up
Economy

During Bengal’s famine, taxes went up

In 1770, a massive famine hit Bengal and Bihar. Instead of offering relief, the British East India Company—which operated like a heavily armed hedge…

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How Soviet factories survived without key supplies
Economy

How Soviet factories survived without key supplies

The supposedly flawless, centrally planned utopia of the Soviet Union was actually held together by a shadow network of illegal corporate hustlers. Because…

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Farmers played the futures market before computers
Economy

Farmers played the futures market before computers

You might think Wall Street quants invented high-stakes gambling, but Holbrook Working proved farmers were beating them to the punch decades earlier. Studying…

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Philosopher proved free markets are violent fictions
Economy

Philosopher proved free markets are violent fictions

Libertarians love pretending the free market is a natural human state, but Karl Polanyi argued it's actually a violent, artificial construction ruthlessly…

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The secret deal that pushed down the dollar
Economy

The secret deal that pushed down the dollar

Central bankers literally locked themselves in a New York hotel to orchestrate a global currency crash. By 1985, the US dollar was so overwhelmingly strong…

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The secret loan that helped trigger Australia's crisis
Economy

The secret loan that helped trigger Australia's crisis

The Australian government tried to secretly bypass Wall Street by taking out a multi-billion-dollar payday loan from a shady Pakistani peanut trader. In 1975,…

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When owning gold became a crime in America
Economy

When owning gold became a crime in America

In 1933, the land of the free decided that owning a yellow rock was suddenly a federal crime punishable by up to ten years in prison. Under Executive Order…

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Officials hid a deadly dam disaster with fake crop reports
Economy

Officials hid a deadly dam disaster with fake crop reports

When the Banqiao Dam catastrophically failed in 1975, washing away entire Chinese towns and killing tens of thousands, the sheer horror of the event was…

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High interest rates actually make goods cost more
Economy

High interest rates actually make goods cost more

Modern central banks confidently jack up interest rates to crush inflation, assuming that making money expensive will force prices down. But 19th-century…

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How hut taxes pushed Africans into wage labor
Economy

How hut taxes pushed Africans into wage labor

If you've ever wondered how to forcefully drag self-sustaining farmers into the glorious capitalist machine, the British Empire has a deeply cynical…

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How saving too much can make life worse today
Economy

How saving too much can make life worse today

In Paul Samuelson's overlapping generations model, there's a bizarre anomaly called 'dynamic inefficiency.' Essentially, if a society over-saves and invests…

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How a Genoese bank swallowed a government
Economy

How a Genoese bank swallowed a government

Forget modern sovereign debt; the real pioneers of turning government IOUs into an empire were the Genoese in 1407. The Banco di San Giorgio consolidated the…

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Who pays when a container sinks at sea
Economy

Who pays when a container sinks at sea

International trade is terrifying when your goods are floating on a stormy ocean. Enter Incoterms like FOB (Free On Board) and CIF (Cost, Insurance, and…

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