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The black urine that revealed a genetic disease
Health

The black urine that revealed a genetic disease

In alkaptonuria, a missing enzyme prevents the body from fully breaking down a substance called homogentisic acid. It can build up in urine and darken when…

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The first nuclear reactor hid under Chicago bleachers
Science

The first nuclear reactor hid under Chicago bleachers

In 1942, scientists built Chicago Pile-1 beneath the University of Chicago's football stands. Graphite slowed the neutrons released by splitting uranium…

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How nuclear fears shaped the internet
Technology

How nuclear fears shaped the internet

To keep military communications working after a nuclear strike, Paul Baran proposed a distributed network in the early 1960s: data packets could travel…

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Proving menstruation does not melt female brains
Psychology

Proving menstruation does not melt female brains

A menstrual cycle can change hormone levels without switching the mind off. When researchers test memory, attention, and other cognitive skills across the…

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What if your town paid in hours
Economy

What if your town paid in hours

Residents could pay a neighbor in Ithaca HOURS instead of dollars: one HOUR counted as $10, about the local average hourly wage. People traded the local…

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Why wintergreen mints spark in the dark
Science

Why wintergreen mints spark in the dark

Biting cracks sugar crystals and separates electrical charges, producing a tiny spark. Wintergreen oil catches some of the spark’s ultraviolet light—normally…

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A crossbow helped Charles Vernon Boys measure gravity
Science

A crossbow helped Charles Vernon Boys measure gravity

Boys used a crossbow to draw heated quartz into exceptionally fine fibers. A suspended mass could twist one of these threads under an extremely small force,…

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How pig bladders helped reveal osmosis
Science

How pig bladders helped reveal osmosis

A pig bladder acts like a selective gate: water can pass through, while larger molecules are held back. Water moves toward the more concentrated alcohol…

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A medieval monk thought unfinished things had more life
Travel

A medieval monk thought unfinished things had more life

In Essays in Idleness, the Japanese monk Kenkō praised worn objects and incomplete collections. Leaving something unfinished, he suggested, gives it room to…

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Google Docs' collaboration trick has a 1989 ancestor
Technology

Google Docs' collaboration trick has a 1989 ancestor

Clarence Ellis and Simon Gibbs described operational transformation for their GROVE group editor in 1989. The problem sounds small: if you insert a word while…

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Minamata’s poisoned cats danced before humans fell ill
Health

Minamata’s poisoned cats danced before humans fell ill

Once methylmercury from the plant entered the bay, it passed into fish and then into the cats that ate them. Neurological damage caused the erratic movements…

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A giant eye advertised a fair about the human body
Travel

A giant eye advertised a fair about the human body

Franz von Stuck's striking eye poster promoted Dresden's 1911 International Hygiene Exhibition. The event drew more than five million visitors to displays on…

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You can learn skills without remembering practice
Psychology

You can learn skills without remembering practice

Practice can change what your body can do without leaving you with a clear memory of doing it. Skills rely partly on procedural memory—the learning behind a…

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The artwork that makes a voice disappear
Culture & entertainment

The artwork that makes a voice disappear

Alvin Lucier’s 1969 piece begins with him recording himself speaking, then repeatedly playing and rerecording that recording in the same room. The room’s…

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A Russian radio frequency has buzzed for decades
Technology

A Russian radio frequency has buzzed for decades

Listeners know the shortwave signal on 4625 kHz as the Buzzer, often associated with the name UVB-76. Its repetitive sound is occasionally interrupted by…

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The towers that carried calls across America
Technology

The towers that carried calls across America

Before fiber optics, AT&T’s Long Lines network used thousands of horn-shaped antennas on towers spaced about 30 miles apart to relay analog calls across the…

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How one bad update nearly broke the early internet
Technology

How one bad update nearly broke the early internet

A single flipped bit corrupted a routing node's status message, which other nodes repeatedly relayed and updated, creating a loop that brought the network down.

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An Ottoman sultan's signature could become a miniature artwork
History

An Ottoman sultan's signature could become a miniature artwork

The tughra combined the ruler's name, his father's name, titles, and a formula of victory in a highly stylized design. It authenticated imperial documents…

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