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Twin primes are prime numbers that are separated by two
Science

Twin primes are prime numbers that are separated by two

The hard part is proving that prime numbers can stay exactly two apart forever. Mathematicians have shown that infinitely many prime pairs fall within some…

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When the sun unleashes millions of bomb blasts worth of energy
Science

When the sun unleashes millions of bomb blasts worth of energy

A coronal mass ejection begins when tangled magnetic fields on the Sun reconnect and launch a huge cloud of charged gas into space. Its energy can rival…

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The Boomerang Nebula is colder than the cosmic background
Science

The Boomerang Nebula is colder than the cosmic background

Its rapidly expanding gas cools to about one kelvin, below the roughly 2.7-kelvin cosmic microwave background. Expansion draws on the gas's internal energy,…

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Diamond is an astonishingly good heat conductor
Science

Diamond is an astonishingly good heat conductor

Diamond can cut a line through ice by carrying heat to the contact point, not by making heat of its own. Vibrations move efficiently through its tightly…

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Continental crusts remain vastly thicker than basalt beds
Science

Continental crusts remain vastly thicker than basalt beds

Continental crust sits higher because its rocks are less dense than the basalt-rich crust under the oceans. Like a thick piece of wood floating on water, it…

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Why raw apples can trigger hay fever symptoms
Science

Why raw apples can trigger hay fever symptoms

Some proteins in raw apples resemble proteins in birch pollen closely enough to fool the immune system. It reacts to the apple as if pollen had shown up,…

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Metamorphic rocks require underground stress
Science

Metamorphic rocks require underground stress

A rock can be remodeled without being melted. Heat and pressure underground rearrange its minerals while it stays solid: limestone can become marble, and…

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Sound steadily travels through the solid crust of Earth
Science

Sound steadily travels through the solid crust of Earth

An earthquake sends vibrations through rock, and those waves can travel far beyond the shaking people feel. Seismometers pick them up, including very…

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Perfect numbers strictly equal their divisors combined
Science

Perfect numbers strictly equal their divisors combined

A number is perfect when its smaller exact divisors add up to the number itself: 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. The number doesn’t get to count itself in the sum, which would…

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The new element hiding inside raw platinum
Science

The new element hiding inside raw platinum

After platinum ore was dissolved in acid, a different metal began to precipitate from the leftover liquid. William Hyde Wollaston recognized that this wasn’t…

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Why the metric system was created
Science

Why the metric system was created

When a unit depends on the town or the ruler, trade and measurement get messy fast. The meter was meant to be a shared standard connected to Earth’s size, and…

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Lemaitre proposed the universe was constantly expanding
Science

Lemaitre proposed the universe was constantly expanding

In Lemaître’s model, space itself expands, carrying distant galaxies farther apart. There’s no central blast racing into empty surroundings; space is growing…

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Mantle rock behaves like an extremely highly viscous plastic
Science

Mantle rock behaves like an extremely highly viscous plastic

The mantle is mostly solid rock, not a hidden ocean of magma. Heat and pressure make that solid material slowly deform and creep over millions of years, more…

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Gauss tracked Ceres using the method of least squares
Science

Gauss tracked Ceres using the method of least squares

To find Ceres, Gauss needed to turn scattered observations into a useful path. Least squares compares each possible orbit with the measured positions, squares…

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Cast shadows strictly feature distinct colored blurry edges
Science

Cast shadows strictly feature distinct colored blurry edges

A shadow can have a red or blue edge if the scene is lit by differently colored lights. The object blocks each light from a different part of the scene,…

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Your fridge won't stop Listeria
Science

Your fridge won't stop Listeria

Listeria can keep multiplying at refrigerator temperatures, even though the cold slows it. That’s why putting deli meats or soft cheeses in the fridge doesn’t…

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The probability puzzle hiding in two matchboxes
Science

The probability puzzle hiding in two matchboxes

Each time you choose a box, chance gives either side an equal shot—but it doesn’t promise to keep the piles even. A streak for one box leaves a growing stack…

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Much of Earth’s gold followed its metal into the core
Science

Much of Earth’s gold followed its metal into the core

As the young planet separated into layers, gold tended to dissolve in the molten iron that sank inward. That chemical affinity helped remove it from the rocky…

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